Research Blog

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Featured

How Claude and I Built a Research Program in Two Weeks

578 expressions, 50 Lean theorems, 5 PyPI packages, an npm port, a HuggingFace dataset, three websites, four interactive demos. Two weeks. One human. Here's what actually worked, what failed, and what the audit system caught before it reached the public.

deep dive

The Equation That Counts Physics

Hand a damped-oscillator equation to a computer and it can tell you, without knowing any physics, that there's one oscillation and one decay inside it. Across 193 expressions and 12 domains, this counter holds at ρ = +0.885.

research

Hear the Math: When Equations Become Sound

The best-selling synthesizer in history runs on a Bessel function. The Gibbs phenomenon's 9% overshoot is a theorem you can hear. Three interactive demos at 1op.io let you turn structural complexity into sound.

deep dive

One Operator, All of Applied Mathematics

The NAND gate of continuous math. A single binary operation eml(x, y) = exp(x) − ln(y) generates every elementary function — and the structural fingerprint of an expression turns out to predict where it came from.

announcement

New

When Olympiad Problems Produce EML Trees

Classical functional equations characterise exp and ln, and their solutions turn out to be minimal EML trees — often cheaper than the equations that define them.

observation

FMA Is the Only Primitive That Matters

We measured the node-cost decay across seven basis states on 222 elementary-function equations. One primitive dominates: fused-multiply-add.

observation

The Oscillation Boundary

Across 315 tested equations, a clean dichotomy: oscillatory functions sit outside ELC with one exception — a non-elementary token.

observation

Two Boundaries of ELC

The elementary logarithmic closure is bounded by two structurally independent obstructions. Classical analysis guards one edge; classical algebra guards the other.

observation

What We Got Wrong

Four things we retracted, corrected, or demoted during the 2026-04 foundation audit. What survived is stronger for it.

observation

Which Way Does the Transform Go?

Classical integral transforms partition into three ELC-direction classes. The direction is determined by the kernel.

observation

From the archive (picked at random)

The Completeness Trichotomy: EML, EMN, and Everyone Else

Three completeness classes for exp-ln operators: exactly complete (EML), approximately complete (EMN), and incomplete (all others). Two new theorems prove EMN's exact limits and approximate power.

theorem

What If tan(1) Were Constructible?

A thought experiment: if tan(1) could be built from EML trees, what would follow? The conditional chain connects to Schanuel's conjecture and would collapse the depth hierarchy.

conjecture

The Exact Depth Spectrum of EML

Every function has a minimum node count. We now know the complete depth spectrum: 1, 2, 3, ∞ — and why depth-4 exists but contains no standard functions. Plus: multiplication drops to 2 nodes.

theorem

The Pumping Lemma for EML Trees

Depth-k trees have at most 2^k zeros (proved). Observed maximum is O(k). The gap suggests a tighter bound — still open.

conjecture

SuperBEST Node Costs: Chemistry and Biology

How many operator nodes does it take to compute 40 standard equations from chemistry and biology? A systematic analysis using the SuperBEST v3 routing table.

observation